Great Lakes Ace Hardware Brooklyn Mi

The Peachy Lakes from space

The Cracking Lakes of the Laurentian Shield are a group of five large lakes in Due north America on or near the Canada-United States edge. They are the largest group of fresh water lakes on Earth. The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence system is the largest fresh-water organisation in the world, totaling over 94,000 square miles. Sometimes referred to as inland seas, it is estimated that they concord 6 quadrillion gallons of water; xc percentage of the U.S. supply and xx percent of the world's supply. In addition to these lakes in themselves, there is a swell and vital system of channels connecting them.

Contents

• 1 Lakes
• two Geological pre-history
• 3 Economy
  • three.i Modern economy
  • three.ii Passenger traffic
  • 3.iii Shipwrecks
• 4 Political bug
  • four.1 Great Lakes h2o apply and diversions
  • iv.two Declension Baby-sit live fire exercises on the Great Lakes
  • 4.3 Restoration
  • 4.4 Additions to the five Great Lakes
• 5 Concerns
  • 5.1 Invasive species
  • 5.ii Ecological challenges
• 6 Notes
• 7 References
• 8 External links
• 9 Credits

Lakes

The five Swell Lakes of N America are:

• Lake Superior (the largest by volume, area, and depth; larger than Scotland or South Carolina)
• Lake Michigan (the second-largest past volume and third-largest by area; the only 1 entirely in the U.Due south.)
• Lake Huron (the third-largest by volume; the 2d largest in area)
• Lake Erie (the smallest by volume and virtually shallow of all the bully lakes)
• Lake Ontario (the 2d-smallest in volume and smallest in area, much lower meridian than the rest)

Map of the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Watershed

Lakes Michigan and Huron, being hydrologically intertwined, are sometimes considered to exist one entity: Lake Michigan-Huron. Considered together, Michigan-Huron would be larger in surface expanse than Lake Superior, simply smaller in total water volume.

Lake St. Clair, a much smaller lake, is function of the Great Lakes system between Lake Huron and Lake Erie, only is non considered 1 of the "Great Lakes." Lake Nipigon is another large lake that is part of the same hydrological system, but non part of the Dandy Lakes proper. Other lakes of notable mention that are not considered office of the "Neat Lakes," simply are role of their hydrological system are

• Lake Nipissing
• Lake Simcoe
• Lake Winnebago
• Oneida Lake
• Finger Lakes of Upstate New York, and
• Lake Champlain.

Did you know?

Four of the 5 "Groovy Lakes" of North America straddle the U.S.-Canada border; Lake Michigan is entirely within the U.s.a.

The system also includes the rivers that connect the lakes: St. Marys River between Lake Superior and Lake Huron, the Saint Clair River betwixt Lake Huron and Lake Saint Clair, the Detroit River between Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie, and the Niagara River and Niagara Falls, between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Lake Michigan is continued to Lake Huron through the Straits of Mackinac. Large islands and a peninsula divide Lake Huron into the lake proper and Georgian Bay.

The lakes are bounded by Ontario (all of the lakes except Michigan), Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan (all but Lake Ontario), Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Four of the five lakes straddle the U.S.-Canada border; the 5th, Lake Michigan, is entirely within the United States. The Saint Lawrence River, the international border for part of its form, is a main outlet of these interconnected lakes, and flows through Quebec and past the Gaspé Peninsula to the northern Atlantic Ocean.

The Great Lakes are clearly visible in this satellite image of Northward America

Sprinkled throughout the lakes are the approximately 35,000 Swell Lakes islands, including Manitoulin Isle in Lake Huron, the largest island in any inland body of water (also dwelling house to the world's largest lake within a lake: Lake Manitou), and Island Royale in Lake Superior, the largest isle in the largest lake (each island big enough to itself contain multiple lakes).

Today, xx per centum of the globe's fresh surface water is contained in the five great lakes: v,472 cubic miles (22,812 km³), or vi quadrillion U.S. gallons (22.81 quadrillion liters) in all. It is plenty water to cover the contiguous 48 states to a uniform depth of 9.5 feet (2.9 m). The combined surface expanse of the lakes is 94,250 foursquare miles (244,100 km²)—larger than the states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont and New Hampshire combined or the provinces of Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador combined.

The Bang-up Lakes' declension measures 10,900 miles (17,549 km) (including islands and connecting channels), nearly equally long as the full U.s. body of water coastline (12,383 miles or 19,928 km), including Alaska.

The Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway connect the Slap-up Lakes to bounding main-going vessels. However, the trend to wider ocean-going container ships—which do not fit through the locks on these routes—has limited shipping on the lakes. Despite their vast size, large sections of the Neat Lakes freeze over in wintertime, and most shipping halts during that season. Some icebreakers operate on the lakes.

The lakes affect weather in the region, a phenomenon known every bit lake result. In winter, the moisture picked up past the prevailing winds from the west tin produce very heavy snowfall, especially forth eastern lakeshores in Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Ontario, and New York. Information technology is not uncommon for heavy snow to occur during completely clear skies because of this phenomenon. The lakes as well moderate seasonal temperatures somewhat, past arresting heat and cooling the air in summertime, and then slowly radiating that heat in autumn. This temperature buffering produces areas known as "fruit belts," where fruit typically grown farther due south can be produced in commercial quantities. The eastern shore of Lake Michigan and the southern shore of Lake Erie are habitation to many wineries also as a result of this, as is the Niagara Peninsula between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. A similar phenomenon occurs in the Finger Lakes region of New York in the form of fog, especially along the shorelines of those lakes. This is about noticeable along Lake Superior'south shores, due to its maritime climate.

The Great Lakes accept been known to strengthen storms, such as Hurricane Hazel in 1954, and a frontal system in 2007 that spawned a few tornadoes in Michigan and Ontario, picking up the warmth and energy from the lakes to fuel them. In 1996, a rare subtropical whirlwind formed in Lake Huron, dubbed the 1996 Lake Huron cyclone.

Geological pre-history

The Swell Lakes were formed at the end of the last ice historic period about 10,000 years ago, when the Laurentide ice sheet receded. When this happened, the glaciers left behind a large amount of meltwater which filled up the basins that the glaciers had carved, thus creating the Bang-up Lakes as we know them today. Because of the uneven nature of glacier erosion, some higher hills became Great Lakes islands. The Niagara Escarpment follows the contour of the Great Lakes betwixt New York and Wisconsin – Herbert Simon called this escarpment "the spinal cord of my native land."

Economy

The lakes are extensively used for transport, though cargo traffic has decreased considerably in contempo years. The Peachy Lakes Waterway makes each of the lakes accessible.

During settlement, the Great Lakes and its rivers were the only applied ways of moving people and freight. Annihilation and everything floated on the lakes. Some ended up on the bottom because of storms, fires, collisions and underwater hazards. Barges from middle North America were able to reach the Atlantic Ocean from the Great Lakes when the Erie Canal opened in 1825. By 1848, with the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal at Chicago, straight access to the Mississippi River was possible from the lakes. With these two canals an all-inland water route was created between New York City and New Orleans.

The main business of many of the passenger lines in the 1800s was transporting immigrants. Many of the larger cities owe their existence to their positions on the lakes equally a freight destination equally well as for being a magnet for immigrants. These clearing routes still have an effect today. Immigrants often formed their ain communities and some areas have a pronounced ethnicity, predominantly Dutch, German, Shine, Finnish, among others.

Since full general freight these days is transported by railroads and trucks, domestic ships mostly move bulk cargoes, like fe ore and its derivatives, coal, and limestone for the steel manufacture. The domestic bulk freight developed because of the nearby mines. Information technology was more than economical to transport the raw materials for steel to centralized plants rather than forge steel at the mine sites. Components for steel, however, are non the only majority shipments; grain exports are also a major aircraft commodity on the lakes.

In the nineteenth and early on twentieth centuries, atomic number 26 and other ores such as copper were shipped south on (downbound ships) and supplies, food staples, and coal were shipped n (upbound). Because of the location of the coal fields in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and the general northeast track of the Appalachian Mountains, railroads naturally developed shipping routes that went due due north to ports such as Erie, Pennsylvania and Ashtabula, Ohio.

Considering the lake maritime customs developed largely independently, information technology has its own linguistic communication. Ships, no matter the size, are referred to every bit boats. When the sailing ships gave way to steamships, they were called steamboats—the same term used on the Mississippi. The ships also have a distinctive blueprint. Ships that primarily trade on the lakes are known as lakers. Body of water-going vessels are known as salties.

1 of the more mutual sights on the lakes is the 1,000 by 305 human foot (105 by 32 meter), 60,000 US long tons (61,000 metric metric tons) self-unloader. This is a laker with a huge conveyor belt arrangement that can unload itself by swinging a crane over the side. Today, the Bang-up Lakes fleet is much smaller in numbers than it in one case was because of the increased utilise of overland freight and the utilize of larger ships replacing the need for many smaller ships.

Modern economy

Wolfe Islander III, Kingston, Ontario

The Great Lakes have been used as a major style of transport for bulk appurtenances starting in 1697 with the brigantine Le Griffon. Commissioned by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, the ship was built at Cayuga Creek, near the southern stop of the Niagara River and became the first sailing ship to travel the upper Great Lakes.

In 2002, 162 meg net tons of dry bulk cargo were moved on the Lakes. This was, in order of volume: iron ore, coal, rock, grain, salt, cement, and potash. The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry. At that place is besides some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo but nigh container ships are too wide to laissez passer through the locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The total amount of shipping on the lakes has been on a downwards trend for several years.

Recreational boating and tourism are major industries on the Great Lakes. A few small cruise ships operate on the Lakes including several sailing ships. Sport fishing, commercial angling, and Native American fishing represent a US$4 billion a year industry with salmon, whitefish, smelt, lake trout, and walleye being major catches.

The Slap-up Lakes are used to supply drinking water to tens of millions of people in adjoining areas. This valuable resource is collectively administered by the state and provincial governments bordering the lakes.

Passenger traffic

Several ferries operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands, including Isle Royale, Pelee Island, Mackinac Island, Beaver Island, both Bois Blanc Islands, Kelleys Island, Due south Bass Island, North Manitou Island, South Manitou Island, Harsens Island, Manitoulin Isle, and the Toronto Islands. As of 2007, two machine ferry services cross the Peachy Lakes, both on Lake Michigan: a steamer from Ludington, Michigan to Manitowoc, Wisconsin and a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon, Michigan. An international ferry crossing Lake Ontario from Rochester, New York to Toronto ran during 2004 and 2005, merely is no longer in functioning.

Shipwrecks

Travel on the Lakes has been risky. Because of the immense size of the Lakes, there are vast stretches of open up water without sight of state. The Lakes are sometimes referred to equally inland seas.

Many thousands of ships have sunk in these waters. Storms and unseen reefs are a frequent threat. An estimated 6,000 to 10,000 vessels have sunk or been stranded since the early 1800s, many with partial or total loss of crew. The Lakes are decumbent to sudden and severe storms, particularly in the autumn, from late October until early December. The Keen Lakes Storm of 1913 is the worst storm on these waters on tape: at to the lowest degree 12 ships sank, and 31 more were stranded on rocks and beaches. At to the lowest degree 248 sailors lost their lives over that weekend. The SS Edmund Fitzgerald, which sank November 10, 1975, was the last major freighter lost on the lakes, sinking almost 20 miles off Whitefish Indicate in Lake Superior with all 29 crew members lost.

The greatest concentration of these wrecks lies near Thunder Bay (Michigan), in Lake Huron, near the point where eastbound and westbound shipping lanes converge. Today there is a U.Due south. NOAA Marine Archeology Research Station located in the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Here defined can explore more than 200 shipwrecks that form one of the nearly concentrated and best preserved maritime archaeology sites in the world.

For many years in the late 1700s and early 1800s, wars were fought over the control of the Lakes and many warships were built for the inland seas, ranging from modest and swift sloops-of-war to iii-deckers capable of continuing in any line of battle. The Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817 limits the number of armed vessels permitted on the Great Lakes.

Political issues

Great Lakes water use and diversions

The International Articulation Commission was established in 1909 to assist prevent and resolve disputes relating to the use and quality of purlieus waters, and to advise Canada and the U.s.a. on questions related to water resources. Concerns over diversion of Nifty Lakes' water are of business concern to both Americans and Canadians. Some h2o is diverted through the Chicago River to operate the Illinois Waterway but the menstruation is limited by treaty. Possible schemes for bottled h2o plants and diversion to dry out regions of the continent raise concerns. Diversion of water from the Nifty Lakes basin requires the approval of all eight Great Lakes governors, which rarely occurs. International treaties regulate large diversions. In 1998, the Canadian company Nova Group won approving from the Province of Ontario to withdraw 158,000,000 United states gallons (600,000 m³) of Lake Superior h2o annually to ship past tanker to Asian countries. Public outcry forced the company to carelessness the program before information technology began. Since that time, the eight Great Lakes Governors and the Premiers of Ontario and Quebec have negotiated the Neat Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resource Understanding^[1] and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact^[2] that would prevent virtually hereafter diversion proposals and all long-altitude ones. The agreements also strengthen protection against abusive water withdrawal practices within the Great Lakes basin. On December 13, 2005, the Governors and Premiers signed these ii agreements: the showtime is between all ten jurisdictions. Information technology is somewhat more detailed and protective, merely cannot be enforced in court because enforcement arrangements tin be made only between the federal governments. The second is exclusively amid the U.Due south. states, which, if canonical by all eight state legislatures that border the Swell Lakes and the U.S. Congress, could be enforced in U.S. federal courtroom.

Coast Guard live fire exercises on the Swell Lakes

In August of 2006 the United states of america Coast Guard published a notice in the Federal Register that they intended to designate 34 areas in U.S. portions of the Great Lakes including xiv in Lake Michigan, at to the lowest degree v miles offshore as permanent safety zones for live–burn machine–gun exercise. The USCG reserved the right to concord target do whenever the weather immune, with a 2-hour observe. These firing ranges would be open to the public when not in utilise.

On December eighteen, 2006 the Coast Guard announced its conclusion to withdraw the "Notice of Proposed Rulemaking" to establish 34 condom zones for alive-fire training on the Groovy Lakes. Officials said they would look into culling ammunition, modifying the proposed zones, and accept more public dialogue before proposing a new plan.^[3]

Restoration

In the U.S., the Great Lakes Collaboration Implementation Act establishes priority recommendations of a United states of america$xx billion Great Lakes clean-up plan released in December as part of the Great Lakes Regional Collaboration, created by President Bush-league in 2004. A bipartisan group of US legislators introduced the pecker, including U.Due south. Senators Mike DeWine (R-Ohio) and Carl Levin (D-Michigan) and Reps. Vern Ehlers (R-1000 Rapids) and Rahm Emanuel (D-Chicago). The Great Lakes Collaboration Implementation Act would:

• Stop the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species by enacting a comprehensive national program.
• Preclude the Asian carp from entering the Keen Lakes past authorizing the Corps of Engineers to maintain and operate the dispersal barrier on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and prohibit the importation and sale of Asian bother.
• Restore fish and wildlife habitat by reauthorizing the Slap-up Lakes Fish & Wild animals Restoration Deed at $20 million.
• Prevent sewage contamination by reauthorizing the State Revolving Loan Fund and provide $20 billion over 5 years to assistance communities nationally with improving their wastewater infrastructure.
• Make clean up contaminated sediment nether the Great Lakes Legacy Act by authorizing $150 million per year.
• Phase out mercury in products by establishing a new grant program and improving existing inquiry programs.
• Coordinate and improve Great Lakes programs by establishing the Great Lakes Interagency Task Force and the Nifty Lakes Regional Collaboration process.

The Healing Our Waters - Great Lakes Coalition has formed to assist groups and citizens beyond the United States advocate for restoring the wellness of the Great Lakes.

Additions to the five Great Lakes

Lake Champlain, on the edge betwixt upstate New York and northwestern Vermont, briefly became labeled past the U.Due south. regime every bit the sixth "Groovy Lake of the U.s." on March 6, 1998 when President Clinton signed Senate Bill 927. This bill, which reauthorized the National Body of water Grant Plan, contained a line by Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT) declaring Lake Champlain to be a Peachy Lake. Not coincidentally, this status allows neighboring states to apply for additional federal research and education funds allocated to these national resources. The merits was viewed with some entertainment by other countries, particularly in the Canadian media; the lake is small compared to other Canadian lakes (such equally Bang-up Acquit Lake with over 27 times more surface area). Following a small uproar (and several New York Times articles), the Corking Lake status was rescinded on soon later on, although Vermont universities continue to receive funds to monitor and study the lake.

Similarly, in that location has been interest in making Lake St. Clair a Great Lake. In October, 2002, backers planned to present such a proposal at the Great Lakes Committee annual meeting, but ultimately withheld it every bit it appeared to accept little support.

Concerns

Invasive species

The Great Lakes have suffered from the introduction of many non-native species. Since the 1800s, more than 300 invasive or not-native species accept invaded the Great Lakes ecosystem from around the globe, causing severe economic and ecological impacts. "Over 160 invasive species threaten the ecological residue of the Lakes. They deprive fish of food, cause blooms of toxic algae, and foul boats, spawning areas and drinking water intakes. On average one new invasive enters the Not bad Lakes every viii months." ^[4]

Zebra mussel infestations in the Swell Lakes and inland waters illustrate the severity of the problems stemming from invasive species introduction and spread. This non-ethnic mollusk is an efficient filter feeder that competes with native mussels and impacts fish populations by reducing nutrient and available spawning habitat. The utility and manufacturing industries around the region, depending on Not bad Lakes water for production, expend substantial time and money cleaning intake and discharge pipes chock-full by the zebra mussel. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates the economic impact to these industries to be United states of america$5 billion dollars over the next decade. ^[five]

Approximately 10 percent of non-indigenous aquatic species introduced into the Keen Lakes take had significant economic and ecological impacts. The remaining ninety percent accept potentially harmful impacts but are insufficiently researched and understood. As well the zebra mussel, several other species take been particularly harmful. The invasion of the sea lamprey, a parasite that attaches to big fish with a sucker rima oris armed with teeth consumes mankind and fluid from its prey, resulting in substantial economic losses to recreational and commercial fisheries. Control of bounding main lamprey predation requires almanac expenditures of millions of dollars.

Alewife, introduced through Great Lakes canal systems, litter beaches each bound and alter food webs, causing increased h2o turbidity. These impacts have subsided with the introduction of salmonids that were stocked every bit predators to continue alewife populations nether control. The ruffe, a small percid fish, became the nigh abundant fish species in Lake Superior's St. Louis River within five years of its detection in 1986. Its range, which has expanded to Lake Huron, poses a significant threat to the lower lake fishery. V years after first being observed in the Saint Clair River, the round goby can at present be establish in all of the Great Lakes. The goby is considered undesirable for several reasons: It preys upon bottom-feeding fishes, overruns optimal habitat, spawns multiple times a flavour, and can survive poor water quality conditions. ^[6]

A more recent threat to Lake Michigan fisheries is viral hemorrhagic septicemia, an introduced pathogen that tin can survive upwardly to 14 days in lake water, infecting any fish that come in contact with it.

An electric fence has been fix beyond the mouth of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in order to keep several invasive species of Asian carp out of Lake Michigan. The carp accept voracious appetites and feed upon native fish species. They can grow to ninety pounds (kg) and nearly four feet (12 thou) long. ^[7] The barrier is non in employ at this time every bit problems of controlling the electrical current in the culvert are not nevertheless resolved.

At least 30 percentage of all invasive species were introduced into the Peachy Lakes in ballast water of cargo and other ships. The U.S. Coast Guard has instituted rules requiring the exchange of ballast water or sealing of ballast tanks on all ship traffic in the Lakes. Federal and country efforts to regulate ballast water have made progress in slowing the introduction of new species to the Great Lakes.^[8]

Ecological challenges

Before the inflow of Europeans, the lakes provided fish to the native groups who lived about them. Early European settlers were astounded past both the diversity and quantity of fish. Historically, fish populations were the early on indicator of the condition of the Lakes, and have remained one of the key indicators fifty-fifty in our technological era of sophisticated analyses and measuring instruments. According to the bi-national (U.S. and Canadian) resource volume, The Bully Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resources Book, "the largest Groovy Lakes fish harvests were recorded in 1889 and 1899 at some 67,000 metric tons (147 million pounds)," though environmental impacts on the fish can exist traced dorsum about a century prior to those years.

For instance, by 1801, New York legislators institute it necessary to pass regulations curtailing obstructions to the natural migrations of Atlantic salmon from Lake Erie into their spawning channels. In the early nineteenth century, Upper Canada's authorities found it necessary to innovate like legislation prohibiting the apply of weirs and nets at the mouths of Lake Ontario's tributaries. Other protective legislation was passed besides, but enforcement remained difficult.

On both sides of the U.s.-Canada border, the proliferation of dams and impoundments multiplied, necessitating more regulatory efforts. There was a marked reject in fish populations past the middle of the nineteenth century. The reject in salmon was recognized past Canadian officials and was reported as to have virtually disappeared past the finish of the 1860s. The Wisconsin Fisheries Commission noted a reduction of roughly 25 percent in general fish harvests by 1875. Dams were preventing sturgeon spawning equally well. Many Michigan rivers sport multiple dams that range from mere relics to those that seriously impact fish. The State's dam removal upkeep has been frozen in recent years. In the 1990s the country was removing one dam per year.

Overfishing was cited every bit responsible for the decline of the population of diverse whitefish, an important nutrient source with economic consequences. Between 1879 and 1899, reported whitefish harvests declined from some 24.3 million pounds (11 million kg) to just over nine 1000000 pounds (4 million kg). Recorded sturgeon catches vicious from seven.8 million pounds (1.5 million kg) in 1879 to 1.7 meg pounds (770,000 kg) in 1899. Giant fresh water mussels were wiped out by early on Great Lakes entrepreneurs.

At that place were other factors contributing to the declines as well overfishing and the problems posed by dams and other obstructions. Logging in the region removed tree cover near stream channels which provide spawning grounds, and this afflicted necessary shade and temperature-moderating conditions. Removal of tree comprehend also destabilized soil, allowing it to be carried in greater quantity into the streambeds, and brought about more frequent flooding. Running cutting logs down the Lakes' tributary rivers stirred bottom sediments. In 1884, the New York Fish Commission adamant that the dumping of sawmill waste matter (chips and sawdust) was impacting fish populations. Co-ordinate to the administrative bi-national source The Great Lakes: An Ecology Atlas and Resource Book, "Just pockets remain of the one time large commercial fishery."

The influx of parasitic lamprey populations, afterwards the development of the Erie Canal and the much later Welland Canal, led to the U.S. and Canadian governments attempting to piece of work together – which proved a very complicated and troubled route. Unfortunately, despite the ever more sophisticated efforts to eliminate or minimize the lamprey populations, by the mid 1950s the lake trout populations of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron were reduced by about 99 per centum, largely due to the lamprey's predation. The Great Lakes Fishery Committee was an outgrowth of the efforts to control the lamprey.

Other ecological issues in the Lakes and their surroundings have stemmed from urban sprawl, sewage disposal, and toxic industrial effluent. These besides touch on aquatic food bondage and fish populations. Some of these glaring problem areas attracted high-level publicity of Peachy Lakes' ecological troubles in the 1960s and 1970s. Evidence of chemical pollution in the Lakes and their tributaries now stretches back for decades. In the late 1960s, the recurrent phenomenon of stretches of the Cuyahoga River in Ohio communicable fire from a combination of oil, chemicals, and combustible materials floating on the water's surface caught the attention of a more environmentally aware public. Another aspect that defenseless pop attention was the "toxic blobs" (expanses of lake bed covered by various combinations of solvents, woods preservatives, coal tar, and metals) found in Lake Superior, the Saint Clair River, and other areas of the Smashing Lakes region.

Notes

1. ↑ Cracking Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Understanding December 13, 2005. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
2. ↑ Corking Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin H2o Resources Compact Dec thirteen, 2005. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
3. ↑ Deborah Weisberg, Line-fishing: Coast Guard reloads on firing range, Pittsburgh Postal service-Gazette, Dec 24, 2006. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
4. ↑ Invasive species threaten Swell Lakes: report CBC News, June 11, 2007. Retrieved Jan 27, 2020.
5. ↑ Great Lakes Aquatic Nuisance Species Great Lakes Committee, March 27, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
6. ↑ Invasive Species Nifty Lakes Region, NOAA. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
7. ↑ Corps of Engineers is going fishing Northwest Indiana Times, March 17, 2004. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
8. ↑ Great Lakes freighters may have to treat ballast water to curb invasive species MPR News, August 27, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2020.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Dempsey, Dave. On the brink: the Great Lakes in the 21st century. East Lansing: Michigan State University Printing, 2004. ISBN 9780870137051
• Rodgers, Bradley A. Guardian of the Bang-up Lakes: The U.Due south. Paddle Frigate Michigan. University of Michigan Printing, 1996. ISBN 978-0472096077
• Shear, Harvey, Kent Fuller, and Jennifer Wittig. The Great Lakes: An environmental atlas and resource book. Toronto: Govt. of Canada, 1995. ISBN 9780662234418

External links

All links retrieved January 24, 2020.

• The Great Lakes. United States Environmental Protection Bureau.
• Slap-up Lakes. The Nature Salvation.
• Brotherhood for the Nifty Lakes

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